Verbalizations in Object-Role Modeling (ORM) refer to the natural language expressions or descriptions of the constraints, rules and facts that are captured by the ORM model. Verbalizations are an important part of ORM, as they provide a way to communicate the meaning of the model to stakeholders and domain experts who may not have a technical or mathematical background.

Verbalizations are typically written in a natural language such as English, and are used to describe the concepts, objects, roles, and relationships that are represented in the ORM model. Verbalizations are used to explain what the model represents, what the constraints and rules are, and how the various elements of the model are related to each other.

For example, consider an ORM model of a bookstore. The model might include objects such as books, customers, and orders, and roles such as author, publisher, buyer, and seller. Verbalizations for this model might include statements such as:

• Book has at least one Author.
• Order is placed by one Customer.
• Order is for at least one Book.
• Customer placed Order.
• Book is published by at least one Publisher.

These verbalizations provide a clear and concise description of the facts and rules captured by the ORM model, making it easier for stakeholders and domain experts to understand the meaning and implications of the model. Verbalizations are often used in conjunction with graphical representations of the ORM model, to provide a intuitive view of the system being modeled.